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The textbook gives three distinct meanings of cultural relativism: a moral stance that requires anthropologists to suspend moral and ethical judgments when interacting with a culture different from their own, a methodological strategy that allows the anthropologist to pay specific attention to the uniqueness of a culture, and an epistemological position that cultures are unique and therefore knowledge about different cultures is almost inherently not comparable. (Sec. 1.3). In your forum contribution:

Discuss what you see as the strengths and weaknesses of each of these three kinds of relativism.

Identify one belief or practice in another culture that you find puzzling, strange, or troubling, and then discuss the extent that cultural relativism is a useful approach to understanding and interacting with the people who hold it.

Discuss the extent that cultural relativism would be a useful approach to understanding and interacting with people in your own society that did (or do) the same.

Explore the extent to which whether one is studying in one's own country or in another makes a difference in the applicability of cultural relativism to one's research.

2. If You Were a Cultural Anthropologist Choose one of the "Consider This" boxes that Nowak and Laird present us with in Chapters 1 and 2 of the textbook, or discuss the topics below from the film Margaret Mead: Coming of Age, available in the Films On Demand database, in the Ashford Online Library. The topics covered are:

o Whether the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights should be applicable to all cultures

o Whether it is possible to truly view a culture without being influenced by the cultural constructs of our own culture

o How our understanding of what it means to be a patient in the United States reflects our different cultural backgrounds and affiliations

o In the film Margaret Mead: Coming of Age, it is mentioned that Mead’s initial research was criticized on methodological grounds. Why was that? Do you consider the criticism warranted or not warranted? What could she have done differently? o Based on the film and the book, discuss the challenges of field work. What do you think would be the most difficult? What has changed since the time of Mead? Clearly identify the topic you choose at the outset of your discussion, and answer all aspects of it thoroughly.

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Answer one of the following four questions posed by Nowak and Laird, in Cultural Anthropology, at the very end of Chapter 3:

a. What can we learn from studying foraging societies? Is there anything we can learn regarding our relationship to the environment, or our family members, for example?

b. What is the ethnographic present? Do you think that the use of the ethnographic present in the film The Gods Must Be Crazy is appropriate, or do you think Lee's criticisms are valid?

c. Do you think the view of many anthropologists (pre–1970s) that men's hunting activities are more highly valued than women's gathering activities is an etic perspective based on Eurocentric notions that men are the family "breadwinners"? Do you think this view is outdated (based both on more recent ethnographic information and changes in American culture)?

d. An Inuit mother has just given birth to a baby. She has a one–year–old baby still dependent on her milk. It is the season of food scarcity, which means the mother is not as well nourished as she could be. She and her husband decide that their older child is a higher priority, and they opt to end their newborn baby's life. Considering the concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, discuss the practice of infanticide.

The first question is answered.

You have two choices for this discussion.

a. Choose one of the following questions raised by Nowak and Laird in their "Consider This" boxes, in Chapter 4, of Cultural Anthropology .Be sure to indicate at the outset which question you are answering. Read the original question and relevant information in Chapter 4 before answering the question you choose. Your answer should give clear examples, include cross-cultural comparison, and demonstrate critical thinking and analysis. Build on the ideas and terminology in the text and your own ideas to support your answers.

§ What is the traditional sexual division of labor in American culture? Is it undergoing a transformation? Among Btsisi’, women and men are respected for the tasks they perform. Do you think this is the case in the United States?

§ How does the location of your home, and the concentration of the population within a particular area, relate to your mode of production? Has this changed in our North American culture over time? Can you predict a time when, as a society, where we live will not be dictated by our modes of production?

§ Kinship systems in horticultural-based societies provide support for people in all stages of life. With the current mobility of global populations we find ourselves increasingly geographically distant from parents and grandparents. How do we as members of a highly mobile and diverse society compensate for the lack of accessible kin?

The third question is answered.

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WEEK 3 Assignment Rough Draft of Final Cultural Research Paper

To ensure that you are properly prepared for your Final Cultural Research Paper in this course, you must complete a draft/outline that includes:

a. A culture from the list below:

o Basseri of Iran

o The Batek of Malaysia

o Enga

o The Amish

o Huaorani of Ecuador

o Bedouin

o Zulu

o Kurds

o Maori

o Mbuti

o Nayar of India

o Semai o Navajo

o Tikopia of Melanesia

b. Three scholarly research journals, ethnographies and ethnologies to be used as the primary sources of information.

c. Identification of the chosen cultures primary mode of subsistence. (Foragers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists, Emerging Agriculturalists, Agrarian States or Industrialists) d. Identification of the three aspects of culture which will be used in the Final Cultural Research Paper from the list below:

o Beliefs and values

o Economic organization

o Gender relations

o Kinship

o Political organization

o Sickness and healing

o Social change

o Social organization

1. The above information should be presented in an outline and must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis and a properly formatted reference page. Do not submit a full seven- to eight-page draft at this time!

The culture selected for the purpose of this paper is the Kurdish people and the aspects presented in the paper are: beliefs and values, political organization, and sickness and healing.

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1. Social Organization Watch Blood Bonds, available in the Films On Demand database, in the Ashford Online Library. Describe the correlation between arranged marriage, economic exchanges surrounding marriage (bridewealth, bride service, dowry, etc.), status of women, family pressures, and other factors you can think of and the stability of marriage. Based on your reading of the textbook and the film, what are the disadvantages of different forms of marriages? Do you think they can be as successful as marriages of choice? Which form of marriage do you have the hardest time understanding? Reflect on marriage and divorce in current North American societies. What factors contribute to the stability of marriages in our culture? What factors contribute to stability of marriage in the cultures shown in the film? And lastly, what factors of the cultures in the film could contribute to the stability of marriage in our culture? And vise versa?

2. Doing Business with Family Nowak and Laird's Applying Anthropology 6.2 box, in Cultural Anthropology, proposes the following question: The familiar saying “never do business with family” advises against the practices used in many of the chiefdom societies discussed in this chapter. This old saying implies that doing business with family will create conflict, whereas chiefdom societies welcome and encourage such close-knit economic exchanges as a way of preventing conflict. In fact, in an interesting article on family businesses, Bertrand and Schoar comment on how cultures based on strong family ties can have a negative impact on economic development. The reasoning is that the more we are taught to count on our kinship and family ties, the less likely we are to trust those outside our family networks, which greatly prohibits the development of larger economic institutions... Consider both examples and create an argument for or against mixing business with family. When responding to this question, be sure to engage in cross-cultural comparison, taking into consideration variation in subsistence systems, descent systems, mobility, and any other factors you consider pertinent. Draw examples from the ethnographic record, your own experience, and the experience of others with whom you are familiar.

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What does monumental architecture imply about the cultural values and the socio-economic-political organization of the society that created it? Do a bit of Internet research on religious or secular monuments, statues, and architectural wonders in your city, state, country, or internationally. Choose a monument (or set of monuments), describe its main features, discuss any symbolism it has, and analyze the messages it sends to its intended audience(s). Provide a link to an image of the monument itself for the rest of us to see. Bring in what you have read on leadership and political and religious organization in band, tribes, and states up to now in developing your answer. Build on the ideas and terminology in the text and your own ideas to support your claims.

Relate what you have read in Chapter 8, of Cultural Anthropology, regarding colonialism and the expansion of capitalism in modern industrial societies to the article, “Marketers Pursue the Shallow Pocketed.” Is the information being discussed in this article another example of colonialism? Why or why not? Identify two potential positives and two negatives direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies. What theory of development is most applicable to the expansion of global markets to poor, low income, and indigenous communities?

440 words

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1. Decisions made by colonial powers were generally made on the basis of: (Points : 1)
       the needs of the colonized.
       the ecological balance.
       what worked best for both the colonizer and the colonized.
       the needs of the colonizers.
 
2. The Demographic Transition Model: (Points : 1)
       depicts how populations change over time.
       is based on the historical experience of the Third World.
       predicts the world’s population in the year 2002.
       supports the overpopulation perspective.
 
3. The hydraulic theory of state formation is: (Points : 1)
       polities conquer societies which have irrigation.
       polities with irrigation systems conquer smaller political units.
       centralized government is necessary to organize and maintain irrigation systems.
       state authorities are needed to develop a calendar for irrigation times.
 
4. One element generally not found in caste systems is: (Points : 1)
       the association of one’s social position with one’s occupation.
       inheritance of one’s status.
       equal access to wealth.
       prohibitions on marrying those outside one’s class.
 
5. In a tributary mode, land is owned by: (Points : 1)
       the peasant.
       the state or elite.
       the community.
       the family.
 
6. Christianity is a __________________ religion. (Points : 1)
       ecclesiastical religion
       universalistic religion
       shamanic religion
       monumental religion
 
7. Both reciprocal and redistributive exchanges exist in modern industrial society. (Points : 1)
       True
       False
 
8. The internationally mobile knowledge worker lives and works in an environment without national, religious, and ethnic boundaries; they are transnational migrants. (Points : 1)
       True
       False
 
9. Colonizers successfully changed the colonized from subsistence activities to wage labor with: (Points : 1)
       rewards and incentives.
       taxes that had to be paid in cash.
       persuasion and education.
       mutual trust and affection.
 
10. Anthropologists do ethnographic research in only preindustrial societies. (Points : 1)
       True
       False

Before purchasing the exam, please make sure the questions here match the questions in your exam.

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Be sure to watch and read the “Miscellaneous Topics” at the end of Chapter 9 of Cultural Anthropology. Then, address the following topic:
As noted, anthropology’s work with the military over the years has been wrought with controversy. Where do you stand on the issue regarding the use of anthropologists in intelligence gathering for the military? Can you come up with a compelling argument based on examples given in the text, your understanding of the ethical requirements of anthropologist, and from your own experiences /understanding of past and present military actions to take a stance on this issue? Please use concepts and terminology from the text.

Watch Winners and Losers, available in the Films On Demand database, in the Ashford Online Library. Which issues are most urgent in our world today? Are they the same in the US as in the developing world? Where will the application of an anthropological perspective be most effective?

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Final research paper 7-8 pages double spaced

Throughout this course, we have learned that the primary mode of subsistence (how a culture makes a living) impacts many other aspects of cultural behavior and has been an effective way to organize thoughts and studies about culture. In order to demonstrate your understanding of subsistence modes and its impact on a culture and why a culture acts as
it does, your Research Paper will require you
to:

Select a specific culture from the following list:

Basseri of Iran
The Batek of Malaysia
Enga
The Amish
Huaorani of Ecuador
Bedouin
Zulu
Kurds
Maori
Mbuti
Nayar of India
Semai
Navajo
Tikopia of Melanesia


Research this culture using the Ashford University Online Library. Please identify and use a minimum of three scholarly articles from the library in addition to the text your research. Keep in mind that most anthropological research, whether article length or book length, is either an ethnography or an ethnology. You may use any combination of ethnographies or ethnologies in your paper.

Write a seven to eight page long research paper that does the following:

Identifies and classifies the selected culture’s primary mode of subsistence. (Foragers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists, Emerging Agriculturalists, Agrarian States, or Industrialists)

Analyzes and evaluates the impact that the primary mode of subsistence of the selected culture has on at least three of the following aspects of culture:

Beliefs and values

Economic organization

Gender relations

Kinship

Political organization

Sickness and healing

Social change

Social organization

The Research Paper must be formatted according to APA style and include a title and a reference page (which does not count towards the page length). For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.

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This paper is on the Kurds people

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